CEN18LA019

The pilot's exceedance of the airplane’s critical angle of attack while maneuvering during the aerial application flight, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall and loss of control at an altitude too low to recover.

**This report was modified on October 27, 2023. Please see the docket for the original report.*** The commercial pilot was conducting agricultural spray operations. He turned the airplane around for a spray pass and turned left to the west about 300 ft above ground level. During the left turn, the airplane descended and impacted the ground and subsequently burst into flames. The pilot was seriously injured from the impact and postimpact fire. A witness reported that he did not see any smoke or fire coming from the airplane during the flight. Data from a handheld GPS onboard the airplane revealed that the airplane had circled over the field being treated and then made four east-west spray passes. The recorded data ended before the airplane turned. It is likely that the pilot had finished with the east-west spray passes and intended to fly a few north-south passes to spray the southwest corner of the target field. Postaccident examination of the airplane did not reveal evidence of any preimpact mechanical malfunctions or failures that would have precluded normal operation. The propeller blades and propeller spinner exhibited rotational signatures consistent with the propeller being driven with mid to high power at the time of impact. The flap actuator was found in a position that corresponded to the flaps being extended 22° at the time of impact. The airplane flight manual stated that flaps may be used as a turning aid during agricultural operations provided that small deflections (5° to 8°) are used. It was not possible to determine from the available evidence the flap settings that the pilot used during the portion of the flight before the accident. The pilot's previous employer reported that the pilot had a history of making tight turns during agricultural operations and had been warned about the associated dangers. Based on the available information, it is likely that the pilot exceeded the airplane’s critical angle of attack while maneuvering during the aerial application flight, which resulted in an aerodynamic stall and loss of control at an altitude too low to recover.

The pilot died in the hospital on December 3, 2017. The pilot's mother stated that the pilot died due to health complications as a result of the injuries sustained in the accident. At the time of the accident the pilot was employed by King Ag Aviation, the operator of the airplane. A review of the pilot's logbook revealed he had received a high-performance airplane endorsement on February 11, 2016. The pilot accumulated 303.5 hours in an Air Tractor 502, registration N89MG, between July 16, 2017, and August 15, 2017. He accumulated 93.6 hours in the accident airplane between August 25, 2017, and September 10, 2017. The final logbook entry was dated October 19, 2017, for a flight review in a Cessna 172. The flight review included 1.1 hours, 2 simulated instrument approaches, 4 day landings, and 4 night landings. The pilot was employed by a different agricultural aerial application company from March 2016 to June 2017, during which time he flew an Air Tractor AT-301 airplane and an AT-400 airplane conducting aerial application operations. The owner of the company described the pilot's abilities as "OK" and that the pilot was terminated for insubordination related to his duties as a company pilot. Another company pilot reported to the owner that the accident pilot was known to make very tight turns after a spray pass. The accident pilot was reportedly cautioned by the owner and senior company pilots about making tight turns. The owner also stated that on one occasion the accident pilot departed with his windscreen obscured by frost and during the takeoff the airplane almost collided with a stationary airplane on the ground. The responding Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspector reported that the airplane came to rest facing south and a post impact fire consumed most of the fuselage and the inboard sections of the wings (figure 1). The impact marks at the accident site indicated that the airplane impacted the ground in a nose-low, vertical attitude, and then came to rest upright. The engine was buried in the mud and only one propeller blade was visible. Figure 1 - Front right side of the main wreckage A postaccident examination of the airplane revealed that the forward portion of the fuselage, including the engine compartment, was crushed aft. The leading edges of both wings were crushed aft from the leading edge to the main spar along the entire wing span. The outboard portions of both wings exhibited chordwise crushing and buckling. The inboard sections of the wings containing the fuel tanks were consumed by fire. The pilot's seat frame was found intact and connected to the fuselage seat rails. All mounting points of the 4-point pilot harness remained installed. The harness webbing had been consumed by fire, but the seat belt buckle assemblies were found in the wreckage and were unclasped. The pilot's helmet did not exhibit any abnormal wear or damage. According to the FAA inspector the empennage and associated control surfaces had been in their respective positions and intact before recovery. Both elevators remained attached to the horizontal stabilizers and the trim tabs remained in place on the elevators. All flight control surfaces were found in their respective positions within the wreckage. The flight control cables and components were traced through the wreckage to the fullest extent possible. The elevator and rudder controls were found to be continuous except for the portions of the controls that were consumed by fire. The aileron controls exhibited multiple tension overload separations and some portions were consumed by fire. There were no preimpact flight control anomalies found that would have precluded normal operation. A portion of the flap actuator assembly was found in the wreckage. The flap actuator shaft was extended to a point that corresponded to 22° of flap extension. The firewall forward portion of the fuselage had separated from the remainder of the fuselage and exhibited rearward crushing signatures. The engine and propeller remained attached to the engine mount and firewall and sustained impact and fire damage. The cockpit engine control quadrant was found with significant fire damaged, but all three push-pull cables remained attached. The remaining length of these cables was traced to the extent possible with no anomalies noted. The preimpact position of the engine controls could not be determined. The propeller spinner exhibited torsional deformation and spiral scoring of the propeller piston was noted. The propeller assembly was found mostly attached to the engine's propeller flange and two of the three blades remained attached. The third blade was separated and found in the wreckage debris. The propeller blades were labeled A, B, and C for report identification purposes only. Blade A fractured from the hub assembly and its tip also fractured and separated. Blade B was bent forward and had rotated in the clamp toward a high pitch setting. Blade C exhibited slight bending/twisting and leading-edge gouges. All 3 of the propeller blades exhibited chordwise abrasions near the leading edges. All 3 of the propeller counterweights remained in a similar position. None of the blades were bent aft to any remarkable degree. On October 10, 2017, a 100-hour inspection was completed at an airframe total time of 7,917.2 hours. The maintenance logbook entry for this inspection stated that the header fuel tank was removed and replaced with a new tank from Air Tractor. The tank was tested for leaks and no defects were noted. On October 24, 2017, about 0820 central daylight time, an Air Tractor AT-502B airplane, N502G, impacted a field about 5 miles west of Olton, Texas. The pilot sustained serious injuries and the airplane was destroyed by a postimpact fire. The airplane was registered to GB Aerial Applications Inc., and operated by King Ag Aviation Inc., under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 137 as an aerial application flight. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident and no flight plan had been filed. The local flight had departed Fairview Field Airport (XA05), Sudan, Texas at 0748. Multiple witnesses observed the airplane flying overhead but only one witness observed the accident sequence. The witnesses reported that the airplane was flying north over highway 70 and made a left turn towards the west about 300 ft above ground level (agl). During the left turn the airplane descended, impacted a field, and burst into flames. A large white trailer in the field blocked his view of the airplane as it impacted the ground, so he did not see the final impact, but he observed everything up to that point. He did not see any smoke or fire coming from the airplane during the accident sequence. The pilot was transported via helicopter to a hospital in Lubbock, Texas. AT-502B Airplane Flight Manual - AGRICULTURAL FLYING "Pull-ups: Prior to pull-up apply additional power smoothly. Abrupt pull-ups should be avoided since excessive speed is lost which reduces turn performance. When making pull-ups over wires avoid starting to bank too soon. Turns: The previous training and experience will influence the operator flying the AT-502B. All conventional types of turns may be performed in the AT-502B. Flaps may be used as a turning aid providing small deflections are used (5° to 8°). The usual method of using flaps is to make the pull-up and initial bank with flaps retracted. As the airplane is being banked to turn back into the field touch the flap switch briefly and let off a little back pressure on the stick, as the flaps cause a slight pitch up tendency. Continue the turn, and as you line up for your pass, retract the flaps. Make coordinated turns. Use the slip indicator as a means of determining whether or not you are carrying bottom rudder. The AT-502B has excellent stall characteristics and if the airplane is inadvertently plac