LAX05GA192

the pilot's failure to maintain an adequate forward airspeed, which resulted in an in-flight loss of control due to a loss of tail rotor effectiveness, while operating near the out of ground effect hover capability of the helicopter. Contributing factors to the accident was the high density altitude and the pilot's lack of experience in the operating environment.

While hovering over a mountainous area on an aerial observation mission, the helicopter entered a rapid yaw rotation to the left then descended to ground impact. While hovering over items of interest on the ground, the pilot began a turn to the left at 200 feet above ground level. The helicopter began to turn more rapidly than normal and the pilot applied right pedal. The right pedal application did not counteract the turn rate and the helicopter continued spinning to the left. The pilot then reduced power and pitched the helicopter's nose forward while maintaining right pedal. The helicopter continued to rotate as it descended to impact with the ground. At the time of the accident, the pilot was not aware from which direction the wind was blowing. The pilot's regular flying assignment consisted of high-altitude surveillance flights over Florida and he was on a short duration pilot augmentation assignment to the Tucson operations base and had limited mountain flying experience. A pilot flying in the area immediately following the accident reported winds greater than 20 knots and blowing from the west. The helicopter was operating at a gross weight of 4,020 pounds. The maximum allowable gross weight of the helicopter is 4,961 pounds. The density altitude was 7,850 feet mean sea level (msl) and the out of ground effect hover capability of the helicopter was about 8,000 feet msl. Post accident examination of the helicopter did not reveal any preimpact airframe or engine malfunctions.

HISTORY OF FLIGHT On June 1, 2005, at 1835 mountain standard time, a Eurocopter AS 350 B2, N5205F, collided with the ground while performing an aerial search about 5 nautical miles east-southeast of Bisbee, Arizona, in the Mule Mountains. The United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP), who was also the registered owner of the helicopter, was operating it as a public-use flight. The airline transport pilot sustained serious injuries; the observer sustained minor injuries. The helicopter sustained substantial damage. The helicopter departed from the Davis-Monthan Air Force Base at 1523, and made an en route fuel stop at Naco, Arizona, about 1700, where the pilot also picked up the observer. The pilot and observer were performing patrol operations when the accident occurred. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and the flight was followed via CBP flight following. A United States Border Patrol (BP) agent was driving south on highway 80 near the accident time, and looked through a "split" in the mountains, when he saw the helicopter about 2,600 feet away, laterally. The helicopter was circling slowly; first to the right, then to the left, then back to the right again. It appeared that the personnel onboard were looking at something on the ground. Then the helicopter dropped out of sight between two hills. When he looked toward the helicopter again, he saw a cloud of dust and then saw it positioned on the ground with the main rotor turning. The entire event took place over a period of about 20 seconds. The agent presumed the pilot landed the helicopter in the desert and did not realize that the helicopter had crashed until the following morning. The agent had worked many times in the area of the accident site and said that the wind conditions varied. He further stated that sometimes the, "valleys turn into funnels for the wind." Pilot Statements CBP received a written statement from the pilot. In the pilot's statement, he reported encountering an "uncontrollable left yaw." He attempted to regain control of the helicopter prior to impacting the ground. In a later conversation with the National Transportation Safety Board investigator-in-charge (IIC), the pilot reported the following information: The pilot refueled and picked up a BP agent at the Naco BP station. Normally, ground agents with the Border Patrol will radio in information regarding search areas for the mission. The day of the accident flight, the BP agent did not receive any information from the ground personnel so instead the pilot and agent elected to transition the washes and ridgelines south of Highway 80. While flying southbound approximately 200 feet above the rising terrain, at airspeed between 40 to 60 knots, the pilot began a left turn to continue searching a wash area. The left turn rate was greater than the pilot expected and full right pedal deflection did not counteract the left turn. The pilot thought that he lost tail rotor authority and lowered the nose of the helicopter while decreasing power. The turn tightened and just prior to impact with the ground, the pilot pulled power [collective] attempting to soften the helicopter's touchdown. During the loss of control, the pilot did not hear any alarms or see any warning lights prior to the helicopter's impact with the terrain. The pilot stated that during the flight and into the loss of control, he did not feel or hear anything that indicated a mechanical problem with the helicopter. As the helicopter began turning to the left, the pilot initially thought that the turn was due to a loss of tail rotor authority. His initial response to reduce power and pitch the aircraft nose forward while maintaining right pedal to gain airspeed only aggravated the flight characteristics of the aircraft. As the conditions worsened, the pilot believed that the loss of control could have been mechanical in nature. Just prior to ground impact, the pilot raised the collective to its full up position. After coming into contact with the ground, the pilot stated that he heard the low rotor horn. After waiting for the main rotor to stop, the pilot and the BP agent exited the aircraft. The pilot reported that upon departing Naco, the winds were from the west-southwest. The air was smooth and he did not experience any chop or control problems transitioning the terrain during the flight. The pilot could not recall from which direction the wind was blowing just prior to the accident. Passenger Statement The passenger was interviewed by the Safety Board IIC on June 14, 2005. He reported that they flew over a ridge, coming from the south, and entered a bowl shaped area with hills on all sides. There was one outlet area to the northwest to which the passenger could see Highway 80. He reported that they descended into the area to inspect debris on the ground. They circled the debris to the right, in a flight condition similar to a hover, and determined that the debris was trash. They continued the circle to the right about 200 feet above ground level, when suddenly the pilot began fighting the controls and the helicopter dropped. The passenger heard a "beep, beep, beep" sound immediately prior to, or immediately following, the helicopter's reverse in turn direction to the left. The helicopter turned about 10 times to the left prior to impact with the ground. The helicopter impacted the ground and the rotor blades continued to turn. Once the main rotor blades stopped turning, the pilot and passenger evacuated the helicopter out of the left door. The passenger believed that the helicopter's position relative to terrain precluded any chance of an in-flight collision with an object. The passenger stated that the flight was bumpy and gusty when they flew near the hills, and that as the wind blew the helicopter, the pilot would counteract its effects with the flight controls. The passenger also stated that the normal length of the flights was 4 hours. PERSONNEL INFORMATION Pilot The pilot has been employed by the CBP since 1987. He was initially employed as an airplane pilot but in 2001, transitioned to the helicopter. He has an airline transport pilot certificate with helicopter and multiengine airplane ratings, and holds commercial privileges for single engine land airplanes. The pilot holds a type rating for the Cessna Citation. The pilot also holds a flight instructor certificate for helicopters, single and multiengine airplanes, and instrument airplanes and helicopters. At the time of the accident, the pilot's total reported flight time was 8,000 hours. The pilot had accumulated approximately 700 hours total time in helicopters; 600 hours which were in the accident make and model helicopter at the time of the accident, and 500 hours as pilot-in-command. The pilot was authorized to wear night vision goggles (NVGs) and had accumulated 37.2 hours of flight experience with NVGs at the time of the accident. The pilot was authorized by the CBP's Miami Air and Marine Branch to conduct maintenance check flights (MCF) in the AS 350. On June 13, 2003, the pilot attempted to obtain authorization as an instructor pilot (IP) for the CBP. The pilot received "below standards" ratings in the following areas: oral evaluation; normal approach; and autorotational descents. In the comments sections, the check pilot noted, "It was determined by the SIP [senior instructor pilot] that additional training is needed to make IP better standardized. [The pilot] is a good pilot but needs a little more training before IP evaluation." Prior to this, the accident pilot had received six training flights for the IP from February 7, 2003, until June 12, 2003, and was recommended for the IP check ride on June 12. In the notes section for the June 12th flight, the evaluating SIP noted that the pilot, "performed above standards." Following the pilot's failure to pass the I