SEA07GA142

The pilot's failure to maintain an adequate airspeed during low altitude maneuvering flight that resulted in a stall. The pilot's decision to operate the airplane at a center of gravity beyond the rear limit, the low altitude of the flight, and the high density altitude were contributing factors.

The pilot and gunner were participating in a low-level, aerial predatory control operation. They were operating over terrain that was approximately 8,300 feet above mean sea level. While maneuvering in a turn at slow airspeed to make an additional pass over an area with coyotes, the airplane impacted the ground with the right wing tip, and then came to rest inverted. A witness, who was working with the pilot from the ground, was in a drainage wash while the airplane circled overhead. They had just identified a coyote den and there were coyotes traversing up and down the wash. The airplane went out of the witness's view, and then the witness heard the impact of the airplane with the ground. No evidence of any preimpact mechanical anomalies was discovered. Weight and balance calculations showed that the airplane was out of its aft center of gravity limits by 1.6 inches, which would result in less stable flight characteristics, especially during slow flight. Previous accidents involving similar flight regimes have been associated with wake vortices encounters. Although it is possible that the airplane encountered its own wake vortices, this could not be determined with the available evidence. Based on standard atmospheric conditions and the temperatures at the closest reporting stations, the density altitude would have been about 10,000 feet.

HISTORY OF FLIGHT On June 1, 2007, at 0825 mountain daylight time, a Christen Industries A-1 (Husky), N9602R, collided with rugged terrain approximately 10 statute miles west of Loa, Utah. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was operating the airplane that was owned by the Utah Department of Agriculture and Food as a public use flight under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91. The commercial pilot and the passenger (who was serving as a gunner) were killed. The airplane was substantially damaged. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and USDA flight tracking procedures were in effect at the time of the accident. The airplane departed from Richfield Municipal Airport, Richfield, Utah, at 0630. According to USDA personnel, the purpose of the flight was to conduct aerial predator control operations. The operations were conducted through an agreement between the state of Utah and the federal government. The flight had been scheduled as a result of confirmed reports from a local ranch owner that lambs were being attacked and killed by coyotes. A witness, who was employed by the state of Utah as a Predatory Tracker and in radio contact with the pilot and gunner, described the accident sequence. The witness stated that there were multiple coyotes in the area at the time of the accident. He was located on the western slope of a draw that ran from southwest to northeast. He was approximately 200 yards from, and 75 feet lower than the accident site. The witness recalled the airplane flying over him, and then making a left turn to pass behind and to the eastern slope of the draw. As the airplane flew over the eastern edge of the draw in a northeasterly direction, the witness lost sight of it. He then heard a loud crashing noise, followed by complete silence. A post impact fire erupted shortly thereafter. He further stated that there were no distress calls from the pilot or gunner. The witness stated that up until the accident, the operation was proceeding "normally." A USDA pilot reviewed information provided by the witness and the details of the accident site. Based on his experience, the pilot indicated that under normal circumstances, the accident pilot would have made a left turn and transitioned southwest-bound to the area of the Predatory Tracker, to once again attain the coyotes near the tracker. However, if the pilot/gunner identified other coyotes that ran out of the wash, they may alter their course. The USDA pilot stated the location of the accident site was consistent with the pilot making a left turn, with the intention of returning to the area of the Predatory Tracker. PERSONNEL INFORMATION Pilot Information The 32 year old pilot held a commercial pilot certificate for single and multi-engine airplanes, and an instrument rating. The pilot's last medical certificate was a second class, issued in August of 2006. The pilot's last annual USDA Pilot Evaluation Check occurred on August 30, 2006. At the time, the pilot reported 2,261 hours of total time, with 2,081 hours pilot in command time. Over the 7 months leading up to the check, the pilot accrued 709 hours. The pilot indicated 1,225 hours conducting predatory operations, with 875 hours in the Husky and 350 hours in the Piper Super Cub. Using the USDA daily pilot log reports, the pilot had flown 180.8 hours over the 90 days prior to May 26, 2007, all in the accident airplane. Time records for the week of the accident had not been transferred to the computer system and were most likely destroyed during the accident. Interviews with USDA personnel indicated that the pilot flew 14 hours from May 29, until the date of the accident. According to the USDA, prior to working in Utah, the pilot worked for 18 months in Colorado, operating in mountainous terrain up to 12,000 feet mean sea level. The pilot had been operating in Utah for approximately 1 year. His last stall/spin awareness training was completed in December of 2006. Passenger Information The passenger had been employed by the USDA for 18 years. During his employment with the USDA, he worked as a gunner for 15 years. He had been flying with the pilot since the pilot's arrival in Utah. AIRCRAFT INFORMATION General Aircraft History The airplane was manufactured in 1989. It was powered by a Textron Lycoming O-360-C1G engine equipped with a Hartzell model HC-C2YR-1BF propeller. The last annual inspection was completed on September 15, 2006. The last 100-hour inspection was completed on April 27, 2007, at a total 6,869.4 hours airframe total time and 298.4 hours tachometer time. The airplane was issued a special airworthiness certificate on September 15, 2006, for operations in the restricted category for agricultural purposes. The provisions of the issuance were set forth in the Aviat Aircraft Inc. Service Bulletin (SB) No. 14, dated April 2, 1999. Under this certificate, the airplane was required to be maintained through normal annual and 100-hour inspections as well as the special airworthiness annual/100 hour inspection. According to SB No. 14, operation was authorized in the restricted-category at gross weights up to 2,100 pounds. The SB also put into effect life-limited hardware for the modification. At the time of the accident, the airplane's weight was approximately 1,940 pounds and the center of gravity (CG) was 77.808 inches. According to the airplane flight manual supplement for operations from 1,910 to 2,100 pounds, the CG range varied from 72.5 to 76.2 inches. At 1,940 pounds, the supplement showed that the forward CG limit was 74.7 inches and the maximum aft CG limit was 76.2 inches. USDA procedures required that a weight and balance calculation be completed prior to each flight. Fueling The last fueling of the airplane was at Richfield. Based on interviews with USDA personnel, the airplane would have departed with 1/2 or 3/4-full tanks for the flight. METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION Milford Municipal/Ben and Judy Briscoe Field Airport, located 57 nautical miles west of the accident site, was reporting the following conditions at 0852 the morning of the accident: clear skies, winds from 230 degrees at 3 knots, 10 statute miles visibility, temperature of 18 degrees Celsius, dew point of minus 5 degrees Celsius, and 30.02 inches of Mercury. The witness reported calm winds at the accident site. WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION The accident occurred on the Awapa Plateau in the area of Parker Mountain. The immediate terrain consisted of rolling landscape and low-growing sagebrush. The accident site was at an elevation of about 8,300 feet mean sea level (msl). The wreckage was on the eastern edge of a draw that descended to an elevation of 8,216 feet. The draw continued down slope where the terrain opened on each side. The first identified point of impact was located 65 feet from the main wreckage. Forward 7 feet and on a bearing of 245 degrees was a crater in the soft soil that contained a navigation light housing and green lens fragments. Moving forward 12 feet there was a deep crater. Forward approximately 10 feet, a propeller tip, cockpit map light, and Plexiglas shards were identified. To the main wreckage 20 feet, there was an additional gouge in the soil, with identified portions of the right main landing gear. The main wreckage was located 12 feet forward from this point, inverted and on a heading of 095 degrees. The wings were canted slightly aft relative to the fuselage. The airplane and engine sustained extensive fire damage. Fabric covering remained on the empennage and the mid to outboard section of the left wing. All control surfaces remained attached to the aircraft structure. The right wing and elevator sustained crush damage at their tips. Control cables were traced throughout the wreckage. Investigators noted that the flap cable at the pulley was off its